The Historical Development of Knowledge

Human culture characterized by the development of science and technology rapidly that a result the role and influence of Western philosophical thought . Early in its development, the days of ancient Greece, philosophy identified with science. The point is between philosophical thinking and science are not separated , so that all human thought which emerged at that time called philosophy . In the Middle Ages , became synonymous with the philosophy of religion , philosophical thought at the time that it becomes one with church dogma . In the 15th century came the Renaissance was followed by Aufklaerung the 18th century that brought changes to the philosophical outlook . At this time separating themselves from the philosophy of religion , so that makes people come forward and speak without fear they will be punished by the church . Modern secular philosophy remains as the Renaissance , the difference is that in this age of science split from philosophy and began to develop into several branches that happen quickly . Even in the 20th century , science began to develop into a variety of specialties and sub ​​- specialties .

Science is a system initially developed to determine the state of the environment disekitanya . Moreover , science is also created to help people's lives easier . In the 20th century , and towards the 21st century , science has become something substantive that dominate human life . However , not only that , science has developed so rapidly that also has caused a humanitarian crisis in life . It is driven by the tendency of human problem solving more bersifsat sector . One attempt to solve the increasingly complex problems that humanity is to study the development of philosophical thinking .

Development of western philosophy is divided into a number of periodization is based on the dominant characteristics of the era . Those periods are :
1 . Ancient Greece ( Ages 6SM - 6M )
Characterize the thinking is cosmocentric , which questioned the origin of the universe and the universe as an effort to discover the origin (arche) which is an element of the onset of symptoms . And several prominent philosophers of our times expressed his opinion about the arches, among others :
Thales ( 640-550 BC ) : arche form of water
Anaximander ( 611-545 BC ) : arche form apeiron ( the infinitive )
Anaximenes ( 588-524 BC ) : arche be air
Pythagoras ( 580-500 BC ) : arches can be explained on the basis of numbers .
In addition to the above four figures there are two philosophers , namely Herakleitos ( 540-475 BC ) and Parmindes ( 540-475 BC ) who questioned whether the reality was changed , not into something permanent . Another Greek thinker is one who was instrumental in the development of science is Democritus ( 460-370 BC ) which asserts that reality consists of many elements called atoms ( atomos , from a- not , and Tomos - divided ) . In addition , the philosopher Socrates is often discussed ( 470-399 BC ) who directly use the direct method of philosophy in everyday life known as dialectic ( dialegesthai ) which means conversing . It is also passed on by Plato ( 428-348 BC ) . And philosophical thought this time culminating in a Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) who said that the main task of science is the search for the causes of the investigated object . He also believes that every event must have a four because , among other causes of material , formal cause , efficient cause and the final cause .
2 . Middle Ages ( 6 - 16M )
Thinking characteristic of our times is theocentric use of philosophical thinking to strengthen Christian religious dogma . At the time of European thought is constrained by the necessity of compliance with religious teachings . Philosophy of Augustine ( 354-430 ) were influenced by Plato , is a philosophical thought that discussed the state took part , namely the idea that knowledge creation is a state that is part of God's ideas . While Thomas Aquinas (1125-1274) who follow a philosophy of Aristotle , the theory of the creation which God produces creation out of nothing . In addition, the creation also means constantly producing and maintaining creation .
3 . The Renaissance ( 14 - 16M )
Is an age concerned in the arts , philosophy , science and technology . This era is also known as the return of the era of human liberty in thought . Figures such as the philosopher of this age is Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) who argued heliosentrisme theory , in which the sun is the center of the universe. And Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who pioneered the philosophy of science with the famous expression " knowledge is power "
4 . Modern Age ( 17 - 19M )
Patterned anthropocentric philosophy of this age , which makes the human being as the center of attention of philosophical inquiry . In addition, the main topic is the problem of epistemology .
a. Rationalism
This stream found sense is a source of adequate knowledge and trustworthy . Experience is only used to corroborate the truth of the knowledge that has been gained through reason . One of the characters was Rene Descartes (1598-1650) who is also the founder of modern philosophy , known by his statement Cogito Ergo Sum ( I think , therefore I am ) . Descartes method used is called the a priori which literally means based on the things that precede . The point is to use this method as if the man had to know for sure all the symptoms that occur .
b . Empiricism
Stated that the source of knowledge is experience , both physically and spiritually . Sense only function and duty to manage and process the data obtained from the experience . The method used is a posteriori or a method based on the things that happen in later . Spearheaded by Francis Bacon who introduced the experimental method .
c . Criticism
A theory of knowledge that seeks to unite the two different views between Rationalism and Empiricism pioneered by Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) . He argues that the knowledge gained is the result of the cooperation between the two components , namely the nature of sensory experience and how to cultivate the impression that would cause the relationship between cause and effect .
d . Idealism
Starting from the union of two different Idealism between Subjective Idealism ( Fitche ) and Objective Idealism ( Scelling ) by Hegel ( 1770-1931 ) became the philosophy of absolute idealism . Hegel argues that the mind is the essence of nature and nature is the whole soul diobyektifkan . The principle of idealism is the belief of the meaning and structure of thought in the world which is the basic intuition .
e . Positivism
Founded by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) who only accept the facts found to be positively scientific . Well-known motto is Prévoir pour savoir , which means to know to be ready for action . The point is that people should be aware of the symptoms and the relationships between symptoms so that he can predict what will happen . This philosophy is also known for its schools of empiricism - critical , observations with theory go hand in hand . He divided the society into social statics and social dynamics .
f . Marxism
Its founder was Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the flow of his philosophy is a blend of the dialectical method of Hegel and Feuerbach . Marx taught that history is run by a logic of its own, and the history of the motor consists of social economic laws . For him philosophy is not just about knowledge and the will , but the actions , ie commit a change , not just to interpret the world . That needs to be changed is the protelar should be able to take over the role of the bourgeois and capitalist revolution through , so that people are no longer oppressed .
5 . Contemporary Period ( 20th century onwards )
The bottom line is known as logosentris , the text becomes a central theme of the discourse of the philosophers . This is because the expressions of philosophy tends to be confusing and difficult to understand . Though the task of philosophy is not just to make a statement about something , but also solve the problems arising from misunderstanding of the logic language , and give a logical explanation on the ideas expressed .
At this time appeared various schools of philosophy and most of these streams is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that had developed in previous times , such as Neo - Thomism , Neo - Marxism , Neo - Positivism and so on .